Function Generators

The function generators are instruments That are capable of producing a wide variety of waveforms and frequencies.

Actually, every one of the waveforms they generate is particularly suitable for a different group of applications. The most common output waveforms are sine-waves, triangular-waves, square-waves, and sawtooth waves.

Many Function generators are additionally fit for creating two unique waveforms all the while from different output terminals.

Some function generators are also capable of phase locking to an external signal source. One function generator might be utilized to stage lock a second function generator and the two yield signs can be dislodged in stage by a movable sum.

The function generator can likewise be stage bolted to a precise recurrence standard, and all its yield waveforms will have a similar recurrence, soundness, and exactness as to the standard.

Function Generator Circuit

In this instrument, the frequency is controlled by varying the magnitude of the current that drives the integrator. This instrument gives an alternate sort of waveforms (such as Sinusoidal, triangular and square wave) as its yield motion with a recurrence score of 0.0] Hz to 100 kHz.

The recurrence controlled voltage manages two current supply source. Current supply source 1 supplies a relentless nearness to the integrator whose yield voltage rises legitimately voltage comparator multivibrator changes state at a foreordained most extreme dimension of the integrator yield voltage.

The change cuts-off the current supply from supply source 1 and switches to supply source 2. The present supply source 2 supplies a turnaround current to the integrator so its yield drops straightly with time. When the output attains a pre-determined level, the voltage comparator again changes state and switches on the current supply source 1.

The output of the integrator is a triangular wave whose frequency depends on the current supplied by the constant current supply source.

The comparator output provides a square-wave of the same frequency as output.

The resistance diode network changes the slope of the triangular-wave as its amplitude changes and produces a sinusoidal wave with less than percent distortion.

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Limitations of Terzaghi Theory

Limitations of Terzaghi Theory The value of the coefficient of consolidation has been assumed to be constant. The distance d of the drainage path cannot be measured accurately in the field. The thickness of the deposit is generally variable, and an average value has to be estimated. There is sometimes difficulty 1n locating the drainage face, and sometimes thin previous seams that can act as good drainage faces are missed in the boring operations. The equation is based on the assumption that the consolidation is one-dimensional. In the field, the consolidation is generally 3-dimensional. The lateral drainage may have a significant effect on the time rate of consolidation. The initial consolidation and secondary consolidation have been neglected. Sometimes these form an important part of the total consolidation. In actual practice, the pressure distribution may be far from linear or uniform.

Types Of Current Collector

Current Collector A current collector is a device used to collect electrical current from a moving conductor, such as a train or a trolley. It is typically used in electric vehicles, such as trains and trams, to transfer power from an overhead power source to the vehicle's electric motor. The current collector consists of a sliding contact, which is often made of carbon or copper, that makes contact with an overhead power source, such as an overhead catenary wire or a third rail. The sliding contact is mounted on the vehicle and is typically in the form of a pantograph or a trolley pole. The pantograph is a device with a metal frame and a spring-loaded arm that presses against the overhead power source. It is raised and lowered by the operator of the vehicle, and as it moves along the overhead power source it maintains contact and collects the electrical current. The trolley pole is a vertical pole that is mounted on the roof of the vehicle and has a horizontal arm that extends out

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