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Wilson's theory of Lightning Wilson's theory of Lightning assumes that many ions are present in the atmosphere which get themselves attached to tiny dust and water particles. It further assumes the presence of an electric field in the earth's atmosphere during fair weather directed towards the Earth. Wilson's theory of Lightning assumes that many ions are present in the atmosphere which get themselves attached to tiny dust and water particles. It further assumes the presence of an electric field in the earth's atmosphere during fair weather directed towards the earth. The field intensity is roughly 1 V/cm at the earth's surface and progressively decreases with height so that at 10,000 m it is only about 0.02 V/cm. Because of the atmospheric electric field, raindrops become polarized, the upper side gets a negative charge and the lower side a positive charge Later, the lower part of the drops attracts negative ions from the atmosphere, acquiring an overall negati

Magnetic Circuit A magnetic circuit shut way to which a magnetic field, spoke to as lines of magnetic motion, is kept. Rather than an electric circuit through which electric charge streams, nothing really streams in a magnetic circuit. In a ring-molded electromagnet with a little air hole, the magnetic field or motion is altogether bound to the metal center and the air hole, which together shape the magnetic circuit. In an electric engine, the magnetic field is to a great extent restricted to the magnetic post pieces, the rotor, the air holes between the rotor and the shaft pieces, and the metal casing.  Each magnetic field line makes an entire unbroken circle. Every one of the lines together constitutes the aggregate transition. On the off chance that the transition is separated, with the e goal that piece of it is limited to a segment of the gadget and part to another, the magnetic circuit is called parallel. On the off chance that all the motion is limited to a solitary shut circle,

Network Layer Basic Requirement of Network Layer The network layer is used to route data between different nodes on the network. It uses addresses to be able to tell which pc to send data to. This layer can also break apart larger messages into smaller chunks to be reassembled on the opposite end. Network Layer Services Guaranteed delivery Guaranteed delivery with bounded delay In-order packet delivery Guaranteed minimal bandwidth Guaranteed maximum jitter Security services 1. Guaranteed Delivery This service guarantees that the packet will eventually arrive at its destination. 2. Guaranteed Delivery with Bounded Delay This service not only guarantees delivery of the packet but delivery inside a mere host-to-host delay sure (for example, inside a hundred msec). Furthermore, the following services could be provided to a How of products between a given source and destination. 3. ln-order Packet Delivery This service guarantees that packets arrive at the destination in

Current Source Inverters Advantages And Disadvantages Current Source Inverters Advantages Capable of regeneration back to the a.c. line because of d.c. link polarity can be reversed. Large d.c. link filter inductor and regulated power supply act as a current limiter, making it easier to apply protective fuses. Ability to ride through power-link interruptions. The converter-grade thyristors are sufficient.  Current source inverters do not generate radiofrequency interference. Current Source Inverters Disadvantages Cogging can occur at speeds below 6 Hz. D.C. link filter inductor is large, costly, and contributes to losses and enclosure size. Can cause high voltage spikes on motor terminals.  Usually not possible to use with more than one motor. The motor power factor appears on the incoming line to the controllers. Voltage clamping devices lower overall efficiency. It May require special tuning to motor parameters. Read More

Nothing Phone 1 Users Review Can something as common as a smartphone really be reimagined? Well, many businesses, both large and small, have given it a shot during the past few years, while others, like Apple, have adhered to the tried-and-true strategy of releasing only incremental upgrades on a cyclical basis. Now, Nothing—the curiously called new company founded by Carl Pei, co-founder of OnePlus—wants to reexamine what may be done to a smartphone, and they certainly appear to be on to something. Nothing Review of a phone: What's new? It is typically difficult to complete this section of smartphone assessments, and even when we do acknowledge that a set of features is novel, they frequently don't represent real innovation. The Nothing Phone, however, is unique. The phone's look has changed, but not enough to affect the essentials. The Nothing Phone 1 has a glass rear panel that allows you to view what is inside, despite the chassis having an uncanny resemblance to an iPh

MOSFET With Zener Diode Protection  The layer of silicon dioxide between the gate and the channel is very thin and is subject to puncture by static electricity. When working with MOSFETs, special handling precautions should be taken as follows: 1. MOS devices should have their leads shorted together for shipment and storage. Conductive foam is often used for this purpose. 2. Avoid unnecessary handling, and pick up the device by the device by the case, not the leads. 3. All test equipment and tools should be connected to the earth's ground. 4. Workers handling MOSFET devices should have grounding straps attached to their wrists. 5. Never remove or insert MOSFET devices with the power on. Many MOSFET devices are now available with built-in more Zener diode protection. Zener diodes are placed between the gate and the channel, as shown in Fig.  The voltage rating of the more Zener diode is below the voltage that would cause punctures to the silicon dioxide insulator. If the

Optical Fiber An optical fiber cable is a kind of cable that has various optical fibers packaged together, which are regularly canvassed in their individual defensive plastic spreads.  Optical cables are utilized to exchange advanced information motions as light up to separations of many miles with higher throughput rates than those achievable by means of electrical correspondence cables.  Every optical fiber utilizes a center of hair-like straightforward silicon secured with less refractive recorded cladding to stay away from light spillage to the environment. Because of the outrageous affectability of innovation related to optical fiber, it is ordinarily secured with a high-quality, lightweight defensive material like Kevlar.  Fiber optics, or optical fiber, alludes to the medium and the innovation related to the transmission of data as light heartbeats along a glass or plastic strand or fiber.  A fiber optic cable can contain a changing number of these glass fibers - from a couple u