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Tendering Process Steps  While inviting tenders following rules should be observed. Tenders are invited in regard to work contracts except when any exemption has been granted by the government. Tenders must be invited to the prescribed tender forms. Tenders must be invited in a sealed cover. In order to get more tenders wide publicity should be given. The publicity may be made through important daily newspapers, government gazette and pasting notices in public places, and sending letters to the reputed contractors and dealers. The tender notice should contain the following information: (a) Name of place and time where the contract documents can be seen and blank tender forms obtained. The cost of tender form and mode of its deposit also should be given, (b) Name of place. date and time, receipt, and opening of the tender should be given clearly, (c) The amount and mode of deposit of earnest money should be written clearly. Whether. The earnest money is to be deposited by bank draft, ca

Information Required In Tender Notice  Usually in a tender notice following information should be given: Name of the department calling tenders. Name of work and location. Designation of the officer inviting tenders. Last date and time of receipt of tenders. Period of availability of tender forms. Cost of tender documents and estimated cost of work. Time of completion and type of contract. Earnest money deposit to be paid. Date, time, and place of opening tenders. Designation of the officer opening the tenders. Time and place from where tender documents may be obtained or inspected. Read More

Tender Definition Tender - It is the contractor's bid writing offering to execute the specified work of construction or supply of material or equipment at the rates and amount offered in the bid and within the time limit and under conditions specified and agreed. Tendering - The process of inviting bids and accepting them is called tendering, Tender documents. The set of other information supplied to the contractor to enable him to offer his bid along with the tender notice is called a tender document. Tender notice - The information to be given to the general public for getting the bid for executing a construction work or supply of material or equipment through newspapers or putting notices on The office notice board and pasting this information on public places is called tender notice. Earnest money - At the time of submitting a tender, the tenderer is required to deposit about 2% of the estimated cost of the contract value of the project with the department. This amount is kno

Data Reduction Strategies  Data reduction techniques can be applied 1o obtain a reduced representation of the data set that is much smaller in volume, yet. closely maintains the integrity of the original data, That is, míning on the reduced data set should be more efficient yet produce the same analytical results Data Cube Aggregation, where aggregation operations are applied to the data in the construction of a data cube. Attribute Subset Selection, where irrelevant, weakly relevant, or redundant attributes of dimensions may be detected and removed. Dimensionality Reduction, where the encoding mechanisms are used to reduce the data set size. Numerosity Reduction, where the data are replaced or estimated by alternative smaller data representations such as parametric models or no parametric methods such as clustering camping, and the use of histograms. Discretization and Concept Hierarchy Generation, where ranges or higher conceptual levels replace raw data values for attributes. Data d

Torque Converter The torque converter is a device used for the multiplication of torque. It consists of: (i) The impeller or the driving member, (ii) The turbine or driven member, (iii) The stator fixed to the frame through a freewheel. Torque Converter Diagram Torque Converter Operation Torque Converter Working  When the engine is started, the impeller starts rotating, the oil from the impeller is pushed into the turbine. The oil, having high kinetic energy from the engine through the impeller hits the outer edge of the turbine. This force will increase with the rise of engine speed. once it's nice enough the turbine starts rotating and therefore the vehicle moves. The fluid from the turbine is made to strike a stator, which changes it’s direction suitably so that the oil leaving g the stator strike the impel [er in a favorable direction i.e. in the same direction in which the impeller is turning. Thus repeated pushing of the turbine blades causes the torque on the turbine to incr

Difference Between Resistance and Impedance Impedance Impedance comprises of two things: reactance and resistance, making the resistance a subset of impedance. Impedance is a progressively broad term for resistance that additionally incorporates reactance. Impedance and reactance are both given in units of 'ohms' simply like resistance. Resistance Resistance is an idea utilized for DC (coordinate flows) while impedance is the AC (exchanging current) identical. Resistance is the restriction of an enduring electric flow. Unadulterated resistance does not change with recurrence, and normally the main time just resistance is considered is with DC (coordinate flow - not evolving) power. Resistance Vs Impedance Resistance is the restriction of the electrical flow stream. Resistance happens in AC and DC circuits. Notwithstanding Resistance, AC circuits additionally show Reactance. Reactance is likewise the restriction to the electrical flow stream. By its very nature,

Penetration Test  The penetration test a look at determines the hardness or softness of hydrocarbon by measuring the depth m tenths of an mm to that a regular loaded needle can penetrate vertically m 5 seconds. Sample eighteen maintained at a temperature of 25°C " The idea of a penetration take a look at is shown IN Fig one Indian normal institution has standardized the instrumentation and test procedure. Penetration Test Diagram Penetration Test Process The bitumen lS softened to a poor rm g consistency stirred thoroughly and poured into containers to a depth of at least 15 mm in excess of the expected penetration. The sample containers are then placed in a temperature-controlled water bath at a temperature of 25 degrees C for one hour. The sample with the container is taken out and the needle is arranged to make contact with the surface of the sample. The dial is set .to zero or the initial reading is taken and the needle is released for 5 seconds. The final reading is taken on